                                    * * *

 This  is  an  unofficial  translation of the GNU General Public License into
 Russian.  It was not published by the Free Software Foundation, and does not
 legally  state  the distribution terms for software that uses the GNU GPL --
 only  the  original  English text of the GNU GPL does that. However, we hope
 that  this  translation  will  help  Russian speakers understand the GNU GPL
 better.

  -      GNU  
 .           
           ,
     GNU --      GNU 
  . ,  ,     
     GNU.

                                    * * *


                     GNU

                            2,  1991

         () 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
                  675 Mass Ave, , MA 02139, 


                            :

    () 2000      (http://consumer.nm.ru)

              () 2000   (serge_sereda@hotmail.com)


             
          ,    .



                             


          ()   
 ,               .
    GNU, ,  
            ,  
 ,           .  
        ,  
      (Free Software Foundation),   
   ,         .  (  
     ,    ,   
     .)         
 .

     ,     ,   .  
     ,     ,
           (   
   ,    ),         
 ,   ,       
        ;        
   .

     ,    ,  
            
    .                ,
    ,         
 .

 ,       ,   
 ,       ,       
 ,        .   ,    ,
       .        
   ,      .

          : (1)     , 
 (2)          ,        
 ,  /    .

   ,       ,   ,  
 ,          .    
 -      ,  ,    ,
   ,     ,     ,  , 
 ,      ,         
  .

 ,         
      .            ,    -  
             
                .  
             ,       
          
 .

        ,  
 .


                      GNU
          ,   


 0.            
 ,             ,
 ,          
     .  "",  ,    
   ,    ",   ",  
            
   :      ,      , 
       /    . ( 
 ,  ,   ,     "".) 
    "".

 ,     ,    , 
     ;          
 .            , 
         ,   
   ,    ( , 
          ).   
     .

 1.         
 ,  ,        ,       
 ,  ,        
              
   ;     , 
         ;    
         .

          ,   , 
  ,       .

 2.               
 ,        ,     ,     
                
      1   ,      ,         
  :

 .
      ,         ,
   ,     ,   .

 .
        ,        ,    
     ,              
                  ,    
       ,     
   .

 .
                  
     ,     ,     
        ,   
          ,    
          ( ,  
      )        ,        
     ,    ,   , 
   ,         . (:
        ,      ,
       ,      ,       
   .)

                  .   
                    
 ,          
 ,              , 
              .    
        ,  ,
   ,     
       ,             
    ,   ,   .

  ,       ,  
        ,  
 ; ,     
     ,  
 .

   ,    ,    ,
    ( ,   )   
              
 .

 3.        ( , 
  ,     2)      
          1  2,    
  :

 .
              ,
           1  2 
     /    ,     
   ; 

 .
        ,    ,   , 
       ,           ,  
           ,
             ,  
                1   2 
     /    ,     
   ; 

 .
       ,          
        . (   
       ,     
             , 
      ) .)

       ,    
   .             
           ,  
       ,  , 
        . ,  
  ,       ,
      (       ) 
     (,     ..)  , 
       ,      
     .

            
              ,  
               
       ,       
       .

 4.        ,  ,   
       ,       
        .       
 ,  ,    
       ,  
 .  ,  ,    ,    ,
   ,   ,     
      .

 5.            ,        
 .  ,              
             .   
   ,            . 
 ,            (    ,
     ),       
      ,          
 ,        
 .

 6.   ,          (    ,
     ),        
 ,              
 ,             .      
    -              
       .       
      .

 7. ,           
             (       
 ),         (       
        ),    ,
             .    
       ,    
                   
 ,             
 .   ,            
   ,        ,
          ,  
             
 .

       -   
      ,    
  ,         .

         -  
            - 
 ;             
       ,     
     .       
    ,                 
      ;    / -
 ,                 
 ,        .

         ,   
      .

 8.     /     
      ,      ,
       ,        
        ,
    ,  ,    
       ,    .   ,
            ,    
      .

 9.             
 /        .   
            ,       ,
     .

       .    
                   "      ",
   ,        
       ,    .  
         ,    
 , -    .

 10.             
      ,     .
  ,        , 
       ;      .  
               
             
  .


                      


 11.       ,     
 ,   .   ,  
    ,    /  
   " "     ,
    ,  ,       , 
    ,          
      .  ,    ,
        ,   .   ,
         ,             
  ,   .

 12.     ,     
      ,       
        ,       /  
 ,       ,      
 ,         ,  ,      
   ,        
    (,       , 
             ,   
   ,           
 ),           
    .


                       


       :        


            ,      
      ,     
     ,       
     .

    ,        . 
            ,  
         ;   
                 
 ,    .


<          >
      19 < >

            ;   
    /       
      GNU   ,     
     ;     2   (  ) 
     .

        ,    ,  
               ;   
    ,        
           .      
      GNU.

               GNU
        ;    ,    
     (Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
   USA).


            
    .

      ,  , 
         ,
  :


   ,    69,      19      
           ;   
       "show  w".  -    
               ;  
      "show c".


     "show w"  "show c"   
      GNU. ,  
       -     "show w"  "show c";  
          - ,    
 .

     ,      (   ) 
    ,   ,  ,  " 
  "  .  ,  :


   ,  .,      ,  
            ""  (   
   ),     .

   <  >, 1  1989
    , 


         GNU     
       ,      .    
       ,        
            
  .   - ,    ,  
       GNU.
